Value Judgment and Consumerism: Evaluating American Consumer Culture

This article contends that American buyer culture is to a great extent driven by the monetary, social and mental scene of utilization which obscures the qualification among requirements and needs of American purchasers. Estimations of merchandise and items are in this manner decided based on how they fulfill individual needs rather than the inherent estimation of the items or administrations. Be that as it may, while this is the situation, American customers have gotten all the more requesting and specific with items and services.The incongruity shows that Americans are driven by a consumerist culture; utilization and worth judgment are made dependent on the individual and tasteful estimation of items yet rivalry is making shoppers increasingly educated in picking their items. American Culture of Consumption in American culture has been viewed as a way of life and a lifestyle the rampart of which is fuelled by a ware culture that exudes from the plenitude underway and from a sociolog ical perspective, an approach to recognize and make securities with one another (Friedman, 2).Consequently, it isn't just the financial and sociological worth that decides how Americans esteems products and enterprises to an enormous degree, the mental effect of utilization especially the enthusiastic satisfaction which has been praised and incorporated in mainstream society drives the estimation of merchandise and ventures paying little heed to their actual importance to the American consumer.Significantly, American buyer culture lays on the rule that individuals work since they need to have the material things that they think they need-things that their group of friends has or even individuals in broad communications. To a huge degree, American shopper culture is fuelled by large organizations which look to make industrialism of each American a pattern as opposed to a quest for better worth. Essentially, this hurries the capacity of American customers to adhere to a meaningful bou ndary between what is required and what is needed along these lines, making mixed up valuation of items and services.First, commercialization in American culture is generally determined by broad communications which to a great extent directs the estimation of items and administrations. Consumers’ confidence in the estimation of an item is a build that is driven by organizations looking to accomplish benefit with the guide of broad communications, organizations gain by esteem creation customers are made to need an item and are made to require them in any case on the off chance that they truly need the item or administration (Plaster and Alderman, 2).The control of organizations on the view of the purchasers on the estimation of the item and administrations thus modifies the mental and social acknowledgment of an item the more mainstream an item is, the higher the worth it has as indicated by the general public. In this manner, mainstream society turns out to be in excess of an individual develop but instead, it turns into a social build to which valuation of items and administrations are produced in the media and devoured by the American open. For example, the I-case by Apple is presently considered by any American youth to be a necessity.This isn't the situation for nations in Africa and to a few nations in Asia. In any case, because of the huge impact of broad communications, possessing an I-case is presently considered as a need as opposed to being an extravagant item. This is on the grounds that American mainstream society has acknowledged and grasped the pattern in this manner, advancing into the way of life of the individuals. Basically, the estimation of an I-case or an item so far as that is concerned gets noticeable. This is whether or not it is expected to survive.Second, failure of American buyers to esteem items dependent on its inherent benefits exudes from the realist fuelled society. Basically, American purchaser culture rose up out of the relationship of realism with that of the family, sexuality and the individual-real factors that have given the substance of presence and so as to be members inside the American culture (Agnew, 4). The relationship of societal position and significance has been identified with industrialism the more one expends, the higher the social standing one attains.Thus, the conviction of purchasers that getting or purchasing the most costly brands would improve their social standing is again fuelled by the business condition and broad communications. Because of cultural weight which can emerge out of the family and one’s group of friends, American customers become defenseless to the formation of necessities and all the while, ignoring their own observation or valuation of an item. For example, while standard society esteems moderate items, the need to get the most recent models and the best brands drives rivalry to make brand names that goes before their reputation.This is the motivati on behind why surplus merchandise are inexhaustible and 12 PM deals are visit. The voracious drive to get the new items that neighbors or family members have additionally obscured the exact valuation on the genuine estimation of the item. Be that as it may, while standard American customers ignores the inborn estimation of the item they are buying, another gathering of American shoppers have developed as of late the individuals who have been pushing moral and down to business consumption.Valuing an item or administration as indicated by Cohen, Comroy and Hoffner (67) requires the thought of moral utilization when causing customary buys so as to reduce the abuse of the earth and the normal assets just as the aimless utilization of modest works to deliver moderate and quality products. This surge of consumers’ advocates for the carefulness and strengthening of the American open in picking the items or administrations those are essential and key to survival.While this still can' t seem to get a lot of help in the general public, this development is continuously taking ground. At long last, with the appearance of web and innovative insurgencies, industrialism in American culture is additionally elevated. The simpler access to items and merchandise regularly, without taking a gander at the items further decreases the capacity of purchasers to make an exact valuation of the items. End Essentially, American culture esteems commercialization and realism and all the while, the differentiation between purchaser needs and buyer needs have become indistinct.To an impressive degree, the failure to recognize the two has moved the powerlessness of most customers to esteem items and administrations. In this manner, while there are sections of the general public that has contradicted this kind of shopper culture, the dominating and standard American culture keeps on devouring and spend on items that they may know pretty much nothing or nothing about. Works Cited Cohen, M aurie, Comrov, Aaron and Hoffner, Brian. â€Å"The new governmental issues of utilization: Promoting maintainability in the American marketplace.† Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy. 1, 1(2005): 58-76. Mortar, Gary and Alderman, Jerry. â€Å"Customer esteem creation: A stage for productive development. † Charter Consulting. 1 (2006): 1-7. Friedman, Monroe. â€Å"The purchaser culture research scene. † The Journal of American Culture. 30, 1(2007): 1-5. Agnew, J. C. ‘‘The Consuming Vision of Henry James. ’’ The Culture of Consumption. Eds. R. W. Fox and T. J. J. Lears. New York: antheon, 1983.

Current Trend In Sustainable Manufacturing System Environmental Sciences Essay

Material and vitality assets heading incorporates the best possible decision, introducing and administrative of it in manufacturing will give sway on the creation methodology, vitality ingestion and even chop down the contamination. Producer objective towards manageable creation is boost the creation while limit the utilization of stuff and vitality assets in light of the fact that the money related estimation of the stuff and vitality had expanded because of expending of stuffs and non-sustainable assets ( Leahu S. , 2012 ) . The interest for stock that non natural neighborly ought to other than be limit. Partners plays of import work as going outer powers for the producer or creator towards bring forthing or using product or stuff which require less vitality to deliver ( Leahu S. , 2012 ) . Variables contribute the cognizance of partners to pull off the manufacture productivity is the contamination especially, the planetary warming furthermore the expansion financial estimation of the assets ( Bunse K. , Sachs J. , and Vodicka M. , 2010 ; Ramani K. et Al, 2010 ) . Assets are characterized as common stuffs, vitality assets and every single working gracefully. Three strategies to better the abatement of stuff and vitality assets is talked about which are the asset effectiveness heading, stock structure and the worth link advancement. Ida †Along †Atirah †Vitality is a cardinal factor in financial turn of events and in providing basic administrations that improve personal satisfaction where required for run intoing the entirety of the essential requests, for example, supplement and wellbeing, agribusiness, guidance, data, and other base administrations ( Kamaruzzaman et. Al, 2011 ) . Along these lines, there have potential dangers of vitality shortages, planetary warming, and clime modifications posture to society explain why vitality approaches overall dynamically focus on creating sustainable power source ( Shun-Chung and Li-Hsing, 2011 ) . Additionally, using the sustainable power source assets can chop down the battles among states sing vitality civilian armies, chop down the contamination and chop down vitality identified with ailment and expires ( Richa et al. , 2010 ) . There have grouped kinds of vitality assets, for example, biomass vitality, biodiesel vitality, hydropower, sun based vitality, weave vitality and so forth. The se vitality assets are considered as inexhaustible and subsequently, economical over nearly long haul. Every one of the sustainable power source assets is quickly clarify in the undermentioned subdivision.INTEGRATED PRODUCT-PROCESS-MACHINE FabricationXxxxREDUCE THE USE OF MATERIAL AND ENERGY RESOURCESManufacturers are dependable on the aggregate of assets expended for creation of product. The obligation non simply on the producer, the specialists other than play of import work by using the financial instruments. The approach wedges under monetary instruments is constrained by the authoritiess. Financial instruments work by bear bringing down money related an incentive for the use of ecological assets in like manner to natural income improvement. This movement improves is reduction of asset utilization to stock final result elevate buyer to trade from asset incitement stocks to less asset affectations stocks. Be that as it may, producer played a greater amount of import work by bette ring the asset proficiency is one strategy to chop down the asset ingestion.Resource Efficiency ManufacturingEfficiency in creation is estimated by means of the aggregate of vitality ingestion ; the advantages and cost retirement funds ( Bunse K. , Sachs J. , and Vodicka M. , 2010 ) . Assets proficiency is the reduction of characteristic stuffs, vitality and every working gracefully on the grounds that these components are interrelated and unequivocally interlinked. Assembling technique and effectiveness, stock structure and worth link enhancement are three guidelines that give sway on manufacture efficiency.Manufacturing Process and EfficiencyThe productivity can be improved in numerous nations in association on the grounds that each area plays of import works and influenced the method in association. Dainty creation is one build that can better effectiveness status where the association sorts out each individual region in the creation by dousing the loss so as to deliver stock gre at. The squanders are from human, unbounded, devices or gear, building, and innovation cut in growing new stocks ( Deros et al, 2011 ) . Two major associations ‘ nations are center to better the asset effectiveness which is the open help enterprise enhancement and worth innovation and stuffs be aftering methodological investigation ( Sheng T. L. , Shiuh T. J. , and Ling L.C, n.d. ) . Under open assistance company streamlining, order the H2O vanished and H2O release in chilling pinnacle is one way of vitality and waste advancement. Updating the warming, air excursion and chilling frameworks can well bring down the open help organization cost, for example, planetary vitality bearing multi-variable nonlinear framework hypothetical record ( Lv H. , Duan P. , Yao Q. , Li H. , and Yang X. , 2012 ) . Electrical framework productivity bearing should be considered to acquire planetary electrical vitality ingestion decline. The main stage structure of electric engines must stay of a cou ple of principles which accomplish the standard furthermore in great open introduction in footings of ecological supportability. The guidelines must be standard to prevent wastefulness during creation. Model, the EROD ( Energy decline situated plan ) stage, which made out of a few interrelated frameworks and devices. The EROD stage can pull off various functionalities in the methodology plan which in the long run to the full utilize the electric engines and help chop down the vitality use ( Favi C. , Germani M. , Marconi M. , and Mengoni M. , 2012 ) . Third on the H2O conservation by put ining new water-decrease hardware, for example, introduced the shut circle frameworks that empower H2O to be reused ( Jasinowski J. J. , n.d. ; Sheng T. L. , Shiuh T. J. , and Ling L.C, n.d. ) . The worth innovation and stuff arranging methodological examination other than help in bettering the creation proficiency. Materials System Applications and Products ( MSAP ) works by place the spreads betwe en the stuff arranging calculation and existent stuff use. At that point, model the relationship of machine use and waste coevals. This hypothetical record will demo the reduction of waste coevals and improvement in methodological investigation from the primary arranging. The hypothetical record ready to propose the ideal handling and shipping ways and at a similar clasp meets the measure of economical structure ( Lv H. , Duan P. , Yao Q. , Li H. , and Yang X. , 2012 ) .Merchandise DesignSustainability and product configuration related as the early plan assurance give sway on the supportability. Early structure assurance other than outcome the full product ‘s life musicality including the flexibly link ( travel and calculated ) . Structure for condition and Eco-plan apparatuses are talked about as parts of development in the entire worth connection stock ( Ramani K. et Al, 2010 ) . Structure for condition. Case of structure and manageability is plan for condition ( DFE ) and l ife cadence evaluation ( LCA ) . Structure for condition considered the outcome of the plan methodology processs towards condition and the plan constituent is plan towards manageability ( Ramani K. et Al, 2010 ; Rosen M.A. also, Kishawy H.A. , 2012 ) . The method must keep the product quality, the fiscal worth offer and the open introduction of the system furthermore the product. Configuration applied researcher is recruited to design a product and methodology which eco-structure. Eco-structure is an assault of planing a product or technique with specific thought on the result to the earth during the full life musicality. In this way, we need eco-plan instruments to ensure that our structure run into the determination that the methodology is natural well disposed or can chop down the contamination. One of the eco-plan devices called life mood evaluation ( LCA ) . LCA is utilized to break down the all phases of product life to see the natural open introduction of methods and frameworks. LCA comprise of for stairss get bringing down with the end and range definition, examination of the stock rundown evaluation on the effect and informations perusing. LCA estimated the vitality and assets ingestion. ISO 14040:2006 clarified about the LCA ; the standards and the model. Figure Thirty shows the stairss for setting natural effect in LCA. Figure Thirty: Measure for Identifying Environmental Impact ( Ramani K. et Al, 2010 )Value Chain OptimizationValue link system is the confused way in manufacture or association for asset productivity. Notwithstanding, great arranged link heading will respect a bunch to the earth and monetary retirement funds. The worth connection streamlining is analyzed the essential vitality required of the pre-creation assets, the nursery gas transmission as CO2 equal, the course of the material assets what's more all the fiery assets. This empower the general system proficiency and manageability. The model of significant worth based open introduction secured the contributing, activity and fiscal.Better THE ENERGY-EFFICIENCY BY ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMGlobal warming, lifting vitality money related qualities, and customers ‘ expanding natural cognizance have pushed vitality productive creation to the highest point of the docket among authoritiess and manufacture organizations. Governments and organizations are both attempting to put the most strong strides to build vitality proficiency in creation techniques. Katharina et Al. ( 2010 ) expressed that, the manufacture business, with its 31 % of essential vitality use and 36 % of C dioxide ( CO2 ) spreads, is one of the central purchasers of vitality each piece great as probably the biggest producer of CO2.The European Commission ( EC ) gauges th

Updated MIT Groceries Guide (guest post)

Updated MIT Groceries Guide (guest post) On the floor where I lived last year, Elaine L. 18 was known for always having baked goods to offer. She studies Course 6-3 at MIT, but in her free time, she blogs at FoodParsed, where she shares easy-to-make recipes with the rest of the world. If youre interested in learning to cook, I would highly recommend checking it out! Heres her comprehensive guide to getting groceries as an MIT student. I’ve been quietly mourning the loss of the Stata produce market for the past few months. Tuesdays used to be a glorious time. From 11 a.m. to 4 p.m., the Gates lobby of Stata would fill with rows of fresh, affordable produce, and I would pause my hectic day to lug home armfuls of groceries. Alas, the produce market closed this IAP. I refreshed the web page regularly to check its hours, but it never returned. I felt a brief glimmer of hope when I heard that Russo’s, the grocery that used to run the Stata produce market, had started another in the Atrium (between 100 and 200 Technology Square). Unfortunately, all of the reviews have been overwhelmingly negativeâ€"the new place has worse location, hours, prices, and selection. As a result, my produce sources have become a lot more scattered. I’ve been relying on the grocery stores listed in the  previous MIT groceries guide, and I’ve scouted out some other sources nearby. Here’s an updated map of the locations. Below, I’ve compiled some of my favorite options: Near MIT Farmers markets near MIT open only during the warmer months and vary in price and selection. I haven’t been to these markets, but you can check them out if you’re going to be at MIT over the summer. Kendall Square Market Location: 350 Kendall Street Dates: Thursdays 11 am 2 pm, June October Central Square Market Location: Bishop Allen Drive Norfolk Street Dates: Mondays 12 pm 6 pm, May 16 November 21 Previously, I had dismissed Whole Foods as being too expensive for college students. However, you can shop at Whole Foods without breaking your budget provided you are very, very careful. Whole Foods Location: 115 Prospect Street This location sells conventional produce in addition to organic produce. You can also use the bulk bins to stock up on grains and nuts. Around Boston Haymarket Location: 96 Blackstone Street Dates: Fridays, Saturdays dawn to dusk (around 6 am 6 pm) If you’re willing to make the trek, you can buy produce for a huge discount. Come at closing time, and stock up as vendors clear their stalls. Boston Public Market Location: 100 Hanover Street Dates: Wednesday-Sunday, 8 am 8 pm Next to the Haymarket, the Boston Public Market is an indoor market for locally sourced food. I don’t know how good the prices are, but it seems worth a stop. CMart Location: 109 Lincoln Street Located in Chinatown, CMart is an Asian grocery store with reasonable prices on produce, meat, and Asian specialty items. It has all sorts of fruits from lychee to dragonfruit, but oddly, lacks bananas. Street vendors Location: Boston Chinatown If you wander around Chinatown, you’ll stumble across several street vendors. Generally, I’ve found the prices to be reasonable. Most don’t speak English, so you’ll have to point and gesticulate. CSA farm shares When you join a CSA (community supported agriculture) farm share, you’re purchasing a “share” of vegetables from a regional farmer, so you can directly support local agriculture. Every week, you get a box with the week’s harvest. Over the summer, Clover has a program where you can buy groceries from local farmers and get them delivered to Clover nearby. Farm shares aren’t the best option for most people. The farmer picks the selection and quantities, so you may end up with, say, 10 pounds of rutabagas. Finding creative recipes for odd vegetables brings me great joy, but may stress out most people. Unfortunately, none of these options come close to the convenience of the Stata market. Without supplemental produce, will MIT students succumb to scurvy and sodium overload? Only time will tell. RIP Stata. We miss you.

Essay Michael Ondaatje’s The English Patient - 2406 Words

Michael Ondaatje’s The English Patient World War II was a traumatic and life-changing experience for all who lived through the time period. Michael Ondaatje’s novel, The English Patient is set in the direct aftermath of this turbulent and violent era. Each of his characters is effected by the death and violence that go hand in hand with war; Hana in particular is profoundly changed by her experience as a nurse in an Italian hospital. Hana is a woman in ruins, both physically and mentally; by looking at her experiences with death and her relationships to the English Patient, Kip, and her surroundings, she can be seen as a representative of the victims of war, a complex human face on the backdrop of the†¦show more content†¦He also recalls an incident that hints to the future of her fears and doubts. He recalls that she was in the hospital to have her tonsils removed and she threw a fit when the operation was to begin and that â€Å"this, the most adaptable and genial of children, suddenly turned into a stone of refusal, adamant† (Ondaatje 30). Caravaggio thinks the incident an odd one, but it reflects her future fear of death. In his book, Richard Schulz, a scholar specializing in grief and the psychology of death, says that humans fear death because of the fear of not being, and that â€Å"the idea of nothingness can arouse anxiety so general that it influences our entire lives† (Schulz 20). Hana’s refusal to have her tonsils removed is not just a silly childish fear, but one that reflects her deep-rooted fear of death; it is a hint of what is to come. She will base her entire life on her fear/aversion to death after the war. When traumatic events happen to Hana, her fear of death is aroused, and it affects her deeply and psychologically. A normal twenty year old â€Å"girl†, Hana is traumatized by the death and violence she experiences as a nurse in the second World War. She is profoundly affected by the deaths of three loved ones and by the deaths of anonymous strangers who pass through her life daily. The first of these traumatic experiences is the separation from her family. Sibela Zvizdic, a Hungarian psychiatristShow MoreRelatedEssay on Michael Ondaatjes The English Patient971 Words   |  4 PagesMichael Ondaatjes The English Patient The limited character in Michael Ondaatje’s novel, The English Patient, was Almà ¡sy. Almà ¡sy was a man who was burned from head to toe, and whose identity is unrecognizable thus making him a limited character. The novel takes place in a villa where the man was being taken care of by Hana, a young nurse who stayed behind to take care of Almà ¡sy while the rest of the nurses escaped to a safer place to stay. 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John Lewis And The Civil Rights - 868 Words

Have you ever wanted to learn information about the Civil Rights but format of the information is dull. It seems to be that way with many subjects. However, March is unlike most other historical documents. It is about Congressman John Lewis of Georgia and how he became involved in the Civil Rights. The difference with this book is the medium chosen for the work of art. Lewis, also the author, chose to present this information as a graphic novel. He got his inspiration and idea for this from a comic he read in the 1950s. This answers as to whom the book was actually written for since what adult reads graphic novels. This novel is intended for the younger generation and to help them grasp a better idea of what really happened during the Civil Rights time period. Lewis uses childhood stories and young adult incidents to show how he was influenced into the man he is today. The novel reaches out to younger generations by creating a medium that relates to youth, involving memories relative to the audiences age, and adding in an expository view to the novel. Graphic novels have become a large seller in the book category lately. Between 2002 and 2006, comic book sales quintupled from seventy-five-million dollars to three-hundred thirty-million dollars. This is a key clue as to why Lewis chose a graphic novel as his medium. He wanted to help the younger generation understand where racial equality was founded from and the hard work and determination it took to fight forShow MoreRelatedJohn Lewis And The Civil Rights Movement1477 Words   |  6 PagesFactors That Led John Lewis to Become the Man He Is Today During the civil rights era, there were many iconic figures who created everlasting change. Although there were many individuals who did such thing, there were certain people who caused more of a major impact than others during this time in history. 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The 19th Century American Art described Naturalism as Free Essays

The 19th Century American Art described Naturalism as: Life imitating nature and the artists of this period began focusing on â€Å"real life† situations.   Naturalism literature began to flourish after the civil war and after the most loved Romanticism and Victorian literature.   Naturalism focuses on the lower to middle class man in which he is a futile figure of a domineering universe of a hostile nature. We will write a custom essay sample on The 19th Century American Art described Naturalism as or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Some sort of struggling for the fittest and the strong and predestined are the only sure winner. The Ambrose Bierce story at Owl Creek Bridge is told by a third party narrator. For a simple reason that a man who is dead cannot narrate his own death?   It says nothing more of a man named Peyton Fahrquhar, a planter from a respected Alabama family; the author even distinguishes him as a gentleman which befits his physical appearance.   Despite of the man’s description, the person in the story seemed to die a futile death giving stress on the character of naturalism to which man is unimportant as quoted by the narrator below: †¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"he   . . original secessionist   Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ devoted to the Southern cause. Circumstances of an imperious nature, which it is unnecessary to relate here, had . . . .army which had fought the disastrous campaigns †¦ (Bierce, 2004) Cynical, skeptical or mocking characteristics is vividly present along these lines, â€Å"To be hanged and drowned,† he thought, â€Å"that is not so bad; but I do not wish to be shot. No; .. not be shot; that is not fair.†(Bierce, 2004) The story dealt more on the agonizing death of a person but it was more descriptive than sentimental.   It is an unwanted way of dying and yet there is no reason to stop it. The entire theme below is focused on someone who has experienced a few moments of life before death and another few moments after dying.   His soul seemed to search and in a way could not even tell he is really dead. The story of the life of Peyton is a step by step narrative about the ironies of violent death, as if a man could account of his own dying which can be paraphrased: â€Å"To die of hanging at the bottom of a river! — the idea seemed to him ludicrous. He opened his eyes in the darkness †¦above him a gleam of light, but how inaccessible! He was still sinking, for the light became fainter †¦.mere glimmer.†(Bierce, 2004) â€Å"His neck ached horribly; his brain was on fire, his heart, – fluttering faintly, gave a great leap, trying to force itself out at his mouth. His whole body was –   wrenched with an insupportable anguish! â€Å"(Bierce) 2004. The two lines below were skillfully drawn by the author and I must say that he has expertly given the most significant characteristic to the story by defining life and imitating nature.   He uses the forest and trees, even the detail of a leaf and those that inhabits it including the morning dewdrops.   He described nature just as he describes a new life that is to be unfolding. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ the forest on the bank of the stream – trees, the leave ,, veining of each leaf — he saw the very insects †¦ noted the prismatic colors in all the dewdrops †¦million blades of grass. The –   gnats that danced..the eddies . . . the beating of the dragon flies’ wings, the strokes – water spiders’ legs, like oars which had lifted their boat — all these made audible music.†(Bierce)2004. â€Å"A fish slid along beneath his eyes and he heard the rush of its body parting the water.†(Bierce) 2004. This brief sentence above almost completed the story the author wanted to conclude, that death has come and the heavens could be so near.   As if describing that the soul came out from the eye and it moves thru the waters.   Bierce in his few words was able to describe a real life situation which is one of the most interesting characteristic of a naturalistic piecework.  Ã‚   That after life naturally comes death. â€Å"Peyton Fahrquhar was dead; his body, with a broken neck, swung gently from side †¦beneath the timbers of the Owl Creek bridge.†(Bierce) 2004. Though the whole work is a literary genius, it leaves a mark of pessimism on the part of the reader. Pessimism in the sense that the character of the story was never given a chance. He was doomed simply because of a circumstance that is beyond the control of the person being told.   There was no hope but a dream or it could be real that the character’s soul transcended only to be able to look for his love ones. Even in this scene we can see that there is a big division.   There is desire to be with someone and yet the story emphasizes more on losing. The sad part of it is for an observer to have an impression that not all prayers are answered and an urgent question that need to be asked – where is God why did he allowed such fate? REFEENCES: Bierce,   2004 A. An Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 24 September 2007 from How to cite The 19th Century American Art described Naturalism as, Essay examples

Impact of CSR and Ethics in business performance †Sample Assignment

Question: Analyse the role of CSR and Ethics in business and its impact on business performance Critically appraise responsible strategies and practices adopted in the development and operation of hospitality organisations Answer: Introduction Business ethics is the moral judgment of the organizational decision about what is right and what is wrong. This is the essence of right work in the organizational environment. Organizations should follow ethical rules in business. Use of business ethics helps organizations to achieve success and to sustain their growth and development in the market. On the other hand, the impact of adhering to a set of business ethics in a company includes a number of significant benefits (Afiya 2005). The ethical business conduction sends a message to the customers that, the company from which they are buying products or services would keep their commitments and it would be considered as a trustworthy and responsible organization. On the other hand, working in a strong ethical business environment, employees also feel safe as they know they would not be subjected to any kind of unethical activities. Corporate social responsibly (CSR) are the business philosophies adopted by an organization, which indicates that, the organization is running their business ethically and responsibly. CSR policies in an organization act as the regulatory mechanism in the organization to monitor ethical standards of the organization and promote the organization to make some social welfare, which is beyond the firms interest and required by business ethical laws (Jaszay and Dunk 2006). It also helps to enhance the responsibility of the organization for its corporate action. This assignment would focus on the analysis of these two interchangeable features of some selected hospitality organizations to evaluate their role as being a responsible organization. Pyramid of CSR CSR strategies were introduced in the year of 1950, but its popularity in the practices was increased many years later. The modern concept of the CSR activities is adopted from Archie Carrolls Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility (Cotterill 2007). This model is helping the business organizations to successfully conduct the CSR activities and to achieve the desired level of success. Carroll developed this pyramid in the year of 1996, but it has become the most popular model of CSR almost 20 years later of the development. This pyramid has four different levels for the different types of CSR applications. The first step is about the economic responsibilities of an organization, where the target is to be profitable. The second step is the legal responsibilities. In this step the organizations have to focus on the legislations applicable in their working (Atakan and Eker 2007). The business organizations or societies must maintain the laws in the area of the legal responsibilities. The third step of the pyramid is the ethical responsibilities. In this area, the business organizations should ensure that they are conducting their business in lawful way. The last and fourth step of the pyramid is about the philanthropic responsibilities. In this step, the organizations have to be a good corporate citizen. Important areas of focus in this step are the social, educational, recreational and cultural development of the common people (Balmer, Fukukawa and Gray 2007) Use of these CSR strategies and to understand the potential impact of the CSR strategies in the business will be understood clearly by focusing on each of the CSR strategies and the examples of some business organizations who are using these. In this purpose, the CSR activities performed by McDonalds, Subway and Nandoswill be analyzed in this report. Economic Responsibilities Within CSR activities, economic responsibilities are important one. It is the first and foremost responsibility of a company to be responsible and it should be concerned with the turning profit. Cotterill (2007) argued that, before being a good corporate citizen, a company should ensure that the business is profitable. In the case of McDonalds, it purchases over 80 million of 100 % Irish beef, which is used in the restaurants in Ireland, however, to be sustainable globally, it also export these foods to its industry across Europe (Doherty 2007). In Europe, the company uses Irish beef in all over Europe. To be economically responsible the company involves CSR activities regarding quality assurance, business ethics and social responsibility (News.mcdonalds.com 2016). McDonalds won Chamber Ireland 2010 CSR award with the suppliers under Flagship Farms program, which is recognized by the farmers supplying to McDonalds. In their environment-related CSR activities, the environment friendly supply chain of McDonalds positively affects on the immediate beneficiaries, making the company economically responsible (Paton 2007). In spite of only being responsible for the companys success, Subway also contribute to the local community in any social events, they provides sponsorships and donations to institutional events, thereby being economically independent and responsible. Subway has been conducted the original fresher/healthier campaign with F.R.E.S.H. steps initiative for rising awareness and educate communities against childhood obesity (Choi and Parsa 2006). These steps enhanced the brand image towards the customers and their overall commitment helped the company to be profitable throughout the financial year. This impacted on the community positively (Subway 2016). In Nandos commitment toward economic sustainability, it has been shown that the company has been compliance with corporate social investments. The companys social and ethics committee has been committed that, they are following all the requirements for the development of ideal franchisee background, they have adequate financial resources (Clark 2006). In Nandos programs for business management, it has been depicted that, franchisees are credit worthy and the company is taking the liability of these independent franchisees. Though the impacts of these activities are fruitful for its economic growth, the company is facing issues regarding sustainable economic growth and development. Nandos CSR commitment included the improvement of South African economic landscape and trust on Relate business model (Kallio 2007). Legal Responsibilities The legal responsibilities in the company refer to ensure that the company is following local and national laws and legislations in their business. It also makes the company legally responsible and help to build trustworthy customers. McDonalds has been facing a number of lawsuits mostly for trademark disputes (Detwiler 2005). However, the company is providing employees rights and following standards of business conduct in international market. In New York lawsuit against McDonalds has been claimed for the obesity related health issues of some childrens for which the company was claimed to be compensate. The company for longer period held the fact that, they were not responsible for the treatment of their employees in more than 14000 restaurants owned by franchisees (Kallio 2007). The legal issues and disputes made a solid impact on the company reputation. McDonalds reports in UK revealed that workers are paying fewer wages and the company has been reported to use genetically modifie d food, which are unethical practices. The impact on the company included loss of workers and decreased brand image (Doherty 2007). In the case of Subway, in the organization all the activities are done by following rules and regulations. Jones, Comfort and Hillier (2006) reported that, Subway Group maintains their complete title and intellectual property rights to their other materials. The company follows strict codes of conducts, breaching these indicates significant compensation. In the case of Nando, the branches are also owned by the franchisees and the company took their liabilities. The company has been committed to the partnership with Relate Inc, which enhanced the legal opportunities for employment creation, skills development. The legal and ethical operations of the company has been positively affected their growth (Kallio 2007). Ethical Responsibilities 1. Ethical Responsibilities As per the viewpoint of Atakan and Eker (2007), ethical responsibility of a company in business is the responsibility or the duty to follow some moral values and correct paths to carry on the business work. Therefore, it can be easily said that all the business has some ethical responsibilities towards the customers and the society as well. The company, McDonald has a clear code of ethics that largely governs the business of the company and the company is fully committed to that and follows proper implementation of the ethical codes. The code of ethics in the company focuses on the part that the restaurant heads are audited periodically by the internal and external mechanism and they are abide by the standards of business conduct. It has been observed that the code of ethics of this company is committed towards resolving any private as well as public conflict that might take place in economy, politics, social, environmental and financial stances in the operating areas of MacDonald (Jones, Comfort and Hillier 2006). It has been found that the vision of Subway is to make the restaurants along with the operations as environmentally and ethically responsible as possible. The company has always tries their best to carry on the business in such a way that leave a positive impact on the society. The core believe of the company is to use good and environmentally helpful business practices, as this tends to increase business profitability, enhance customer dining experience and most importantly help to protect the environment (Kasim 2006). One of the major ethical responsibilities of Nandos is to provide proper training to the employees of the company from the first day of joining the company. The company believes that the trained employees of the company help to serve the customers and this help to company to achieve an important position in the highly competitive market. The company has maintained a proper ethical code that all the employees in the company will respect each other in the organization to maintain a proper and healthy working environment in the company (Lane 2006). Therefore, it has been found that all the above-mentioned companies have been trying their best to maintain some basic ethical responsibilities in their business and the customers in the present day are highly influenced by the ethical responsibilities adopted by the companies (Lantos 2002). Philanthropic Responsibilities Philanthropic CSR is associated with donating funds, goods or services to other organizations or needy people. For an example, a local bank may donate fund to a school for purchasing uniforms or some other materials. The philanthropic responsibilities also include the responsibilities towards the environmental development. These CSR activities help the business organizations to develop a good brand image which helps them to achieve higher success in their business (Kasim 2006). McDonalds uses low energy LED lights, other energy saving electric equipments for saving the electricity. They use waterless urinals for saving the water. Hey have also developed rain water reserve tanks in the area of the water resource management. The cardboard boxes used by this company are recyclable and 85% of the packaging materials of the company are made from renewable resources (Lane 2006). This company invests over 360 million in the area of the agricultural industry of UK. McDonalds donates for eye care hospitals in India. They also encourage people for donating to the eye care organizations. They collect money at their store counters. According to the CSR report of the financial year 2012-2013 McDonalds conducted nutrition education programs for people in collaboration with the Alliance for a Healthier Generation. Name of his program was Clinton Global Initiative. They offer fruits, vegetables and low fat dairy products in their happy meal package in more than 95% of thei r stores (Maak 2007). Subway provides fresh food products to the customers with the high level of nutrition facilities. They focus on the safety measures while producing the food products. They also focus in the area of the energy saving, water saving and other environmental development. Subway is working for reducing the waste in the area of the philanthropic responsibilities. They encourage their franchises for contributing to their communities and for promoting the diversity and choosing the eco-friendly options for their business practices. The company is gaining the high level of popularity with their fresh food quality. They do not serve any unhealthy food to their customers (Mathisen 2006). Nandos also serves fresh foods to their customers. Providing better nutrition and freshness in their food products is their major activities in the area of the philanthropic responsibilities. In the year of 2013, the company has donated 34000 Qatar Cancer Society. The program was named as PINK campaign for supporting breast cancer. They are also engaged with the cultural activities with communities (Nandos Qatar 2015). They have sponsored Iftar for the cancer survivors in Qatar. Nandos has donated the amount of QR350000 to Reach Out To Asias campaign named as My Education, My Hope. These activities of the company are helping them for developing a good brand image and conducting more successful business by reaching close to the customers (Merchant 2005). Conclusion In the above assignment, the focus was on the ethical and social business management. The concepts of CSR and business ethics were discussed in brief. These responsibilities are linked to the company objectives and make the organization to behave as a good corporate citizen. Sometimes, the concepts of business ethics and CSRs are used in interchangeable ways. Companies attempt to be social citizens by their CSR activities. In this context, the corporate social responsibility pyramids were discussed. After analyzing this model, CSR activities of three fast food companies were discussed. Three fast food company McDonalds, Subway and Nandos CSR activities were discussed in respect to the four stages of CSR pyramid model. In this context, how these three companies are philanthropically, ethically, economically and legally responsible as a corporate social citizen were discussed. It can be interpreted that, these companies has significant brand image with responsible position in the marke t. However, the analysis found that, some legal and ethical issues were faced by both McDonalds and Subway; however, they undertook legal steps to be responsible. Reference List Afiya, A. 2005. CSR Making business sense. Caterer Hotelkeeper, 195(4392), 5. Atakan, M. G. S. Eker, T. 2007. Corporate identity of a socially responsible university: A case from the Turkish higher education sector. Journal of Business Ethics, 76, 55-68. Balmer, M. T., Fukukawa, K., Gray, E. R. 2007. The nature and management of ethical corporate identity: A commentary on corporate identity, corporate social responsibility and ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 76, 7-15. Choi, G. Parsa, H.G. 2006. Green practices II: Measuring restaurant managers psychological attributes and their willingness to charge for the green practices, Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 9(4), 41-63. Clark, S. 2006. Corporate social responsibility: A marketing tool for major hotel brands. HSMAI Marketing Review, 23(1), 42-45. Cotterill, H. 2007. Training recruitment. Travel Trade Gazette UK Ireland, 48-48. Detwiler, M. W. 2005. Communal living. Pizza Today, 23(7), 64-65. Doherty, K. 2007. The wearing of the 'green.' Food Logistics, (93), 4-4. Jaszay, C. Dunk, P. 2006. Ethical Decision Making in the Hospitality Industry. Prentice Hall:New Jersey. Jones, P., Comfort, D., Hillier, D. 2006. Reporting and reflecting on corporate social responsibility in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 18(4), 329-340. Kallio, T. J. 2007. Taboos in corporate social responsibility discourse. Journal of Business Ethics, 74, 165-175. Kasim, A. 2006. The need for business environmental and social responsibility in the tourism industry. International Journal of Hospitality Tourism Administration, 7(1), 1-22. Lane, G. 2006. Taking responsibility. Leisure Management, 26(6), 40-43. Lantos, G. P. 2002. The ethicality of altruistic corporate social responsibility. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 19(2), 205. Maak, T. 2007. Responsible leadership, stakeholder engagement, and the emergence of social capital. Journal of Business Ethics, 74, 329-343. Mathisen, O. 2006. Profitability, environment, and social equity. Cruise Industry News Quarterly, 17(67), 16-20. Merchant, P. 2005. Giving back.Funworld, 21(8), 54-57. Nandos Qatar, 2015. News. [online] Available at: https://www.nandos.qa/news [Accessed 5 Jan. 2016]. News.mcdonalds.com, 2016. McDonald's Announces 2020 Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability Plans. [online] Available at: https://news.mcdonalds.com/Corporate/manual-releases/2014/McDonald-s-Announces-2020-Corporate-Social-Respons [Accessed 5 Jan. 2016]. Paton, N. 2007. Giving something back.Caterer Hotelkeeper,197(4496), 46-49. Subway, EAT well GO live life, 2016. Subway, EAT well GO live life. [online] Available at: https://www.subway.com.au/About/Corporate-Social-Responsibility [Accessed 5 Jan. 2016].

Turkeys 2000

Introduction In the last twenty years, the Turkish economy has undergone two major crises. The first crisis began at the early 90’s while the second began at the beginning of the 21st century. During this time, the Turkish government was in the middle of a stabilization program in its exchange rate. Although the government managed to calm market tensions through numerous assurances, things soon got out of hand.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Turkey’s 2000-2001 Financial Crisis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Towards the end of 2000, the country’s interest rates quadrupled within a period of one month. This also marked a five times increase over the rate of depreciation that the government had predicted for a two year period. At the beginning of 2001, rates had jumped to an all time level of close to 6000%. This led to the collapse of the exchange rate and the beginning of the countryâ€℠¢s second economic crisis. Some things stand out as having caused the economic crisis. One thing that comes out as having contributed to the 2000-2001 economic crises in Turkey was the poor macroeconomic performance of the country. During the period, the country’s public sector was relying highly on borrowing and the sovereign debt to GNP was on the rise. The rising public debt and the appreciation of the lira were becoming a cause of concern for investors. This was worsened by the external interferences caused by the rise in oil prices at the time and the rising of the U.S. dollar against the other currencies. To compound this situation, the country lacked a flexible banking system, something that made the lira unable to deal with the crisis. During the preceding years, the banking sector was in a risk itself. Almost all the major banks had a load of non-performing loans and had an increased currency and maturity imbalances. This made the banking system unable to deal with a ny capital reversal. These weaknesses in the banking sector had a big contribution to the economic crisis experienced during the time. (Ozatay 3) On top of the problems at the country’s banking system, the other problems that caused the economic crises were political and policy uncertainties. In 2001, the country was hit by two negative occurrences in the political sphere. These started after the Prime Minister was suddenly taken ill sparking a spate of rumors about his health. This led to instability in the political sphere since there was a possibility that his party, which was the largest partner in the coalition government would dissolve. On top of this, the coalition parties were unable to agree on the necessary steps to be followed in talks that were ongoing for the country to be admitted into the European Union. The ensuing political indecision gave rise to an atmosphere of policy indecision. This political and policy uncertainties in the country played a major part in the economic crises that hit the country. (Ozkan)Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion The 2000-2001 economic crises in Turkey were the worst in the country’s history. During the period, the country’s rate stood at an all time high of 6200%. This major cause of this crisis was the lack of reforms in the banking system. This gave rise to a load of non-performing loans and maturity imbalances that made the banking system unable to deal with any capital reversal. During the time, the coalition government was also having a hard time in trying to agree on key issue in the government. This affected the country’s policymaking organs hence leading to lack of key reforms that could have prevented the crises. Works Cited Ozatay, Fatih. Turkey’s 2000-2001 Financial Crises and the Central Bank’s Policy in the Aftermath of Crisis, n.d. 1-8. Print . Ozkan, Gulcin. Currency and Financial Crises in Turkey, 2000-2001: Bad Fundamentals or Bad Luck? The World Economy, 2005. 541-572. Print. This essay on Turkey’s 2000-2001 Financial Crisis was written and submitted by user Isabella Tyler to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

a comparrison of a childrens b essays

a comparrison of a childrens b essays I give this book a six out of ten because even though it leaves important parts of what happened out. It tells enough information for children to get the general idea of what happened with Columbus and his trip to what he thought to be India. The book generally starts out telling his life story. It tells when and where he was born and how when he was little he dreamed of becoming a sailor. And on to his first trip as a captain of his own ship. In the book Christopher Columbus it says Christopher Columbus and his men rowed ashore. He planted his flag in the sand and claimed the island for Spain. He named the island San Salvador. Christopher Columbus gave the natives of the island red capes and glass bead necklaces. (David A. Alder. 8) which I found not to be true because in a letter to lord Rachael Sanchez the treasurer of spains king and queen he states. Seeing, however, no town or populous places on the sea coast but only a few detached houses and cottages, with which its inhabitants I was not able to communicate because they fled as soon as they saw us. (R.H. Major, select letters of Christopher Columbus) The Christopher Columbus book does not tell much about the taino Indians or about making them pay a hut tax of gold to the Spanish all it say about that is he left some sailors in the new world to search for gold. (David A. Adler, 22) then the next time the Columbus book mentions gold is when it talks about his last two trips to the new world. But all it says about that is Columbus sailed to America again in 1498 and 1502. The men who traveled with him had great hopes for gold and other riches. But they found very little gold, and Columbus was no longer a hero. (David A. Adler. 26) In one of Columbuss letters gold is mentioned several times in one of his letters to the king and queen of Spain he tells them that for the better and more speedy colonization of the island no one shall collect gold in it except those who have...

Henri Fayol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Henri Fayol - Essay Example Organizing is the next step of management after planning. The materials or resources required for the project must identified at the planning stage itself which should be arranged at the organizing stage. The next step is to co-ordinate between different players of the project. For example, different types of works may be required for a project which may be done partly at different places. There should be a co-ordination between the members of the project in order to ensure the success of the project. The manager must act as a link in the co-ordination process. Commanding and controlling are the last step in management action. If the project is done partly at different places, nobody, except the manger knows about the final outcome of the project. So commanding and controlling of the project must be done by the manager. For example, in tire manufacturing industry, various parts of the tire, tread, beads, plies, etc. are manufacturing at different places of the plant. These parts have different specifications for different types of tires like car tire truck tire etc. The manager is the only person who has better idea about which tire should be manufactured with priority and for that purpose which parts need to be manufactured at other locations. Based on that, he has to advice the workers at different sections like bead section, tread section, and ply section. â€Å"Henri Fayol, an advocate of the experimental method, built his administrative theory from his experiences† (Wren). Today’s managers heavily depend on academic credentials for solving problems. They are totally wrong. They must realize that as in the case of every other segment of life, practice makes a person perfect. No academy or institution can give us readymade solutions for everyday problems face by the mangers. Education can only guide a manager to arrive at conclusions rather than taking decisions. Decisions of managers must be custom made for the organization he is working

Type II diabetes in Adults Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Type II diabetes in Adults - Research Paper Example process of the disease, the pancreases makes extra insulin to make up for it but as time progresses it can no longer keep up and lacks the ability of making enough insulin of sustaining the glucose levels to their normal levels. The liver, fat and muscle cells lack their ability to respond correctly to insulin, and the blood sugars do not get into the cells where they are stored for energy. Thus, this results in a high level of sugars building up in the blood a condition that is referred to as hyperglycemia. When greater glucose levels build up in the blood, the body lacks its ability to function properly. This can result in damage to nerves and small vessels in the kidneys, eyes and heart resulting in atherosclerosis, heart attacks or even stroke. Dehydration is also bound to result as high levels of sugars build up results in increased urination, and the person may also suffer from a diabetic coma (Guidelines & Force, 2005). The symptoms of type II diabetes build up slowly, and an individual may be suffering from the condition for years without their knowledge. Common symptoms include increased urination and thirst as the excess buildup of sugars in the body causes fluids to be pulled out of the body tissues. The person also suffers from increased hunger due to the inability of insulin to help in the moving of sugar in the cells and body muscles thus the person become depleted of energy. Weight loss is another symptom though individuals have a tendency of eating more than usual in an effort of relieving hunger (Alberti et al., 2007). Due to the body’s inability of metabolizing glucose, it utilizes other sources of energy stored in fat and muscles resulting in weight loss. The person also suffers from fatigue due to the depletion of sugars in the body, therefore; the body becomes irritable and tired. When the sugars levels are too high, the fluid is pulled from the eye lenses resulting in blurred vision. Other symptoms include slow healing and reduce body

A Teacher | An Educational Experience

A Teacher | An Educational Experience Many times, when we are young, we are faced with decisions that we can only understand as we grow older. I can still remember that game, where my parents chose different things each representing a different job, and I had to pick one of them. This was supposed to indicate the road I was going to take as an adult and the work I was going to deal with. The one thing I chose that time was a stethoscope, which meant I was going to study to become a doctor. As I grew older, many things changed and even my ideas became different from time to time. Now I find myself reading a four year course in teaching, and I would definately have never imagined myself as a teacher. Discussion Our professional life is something, which I think, cannot be decided when we are still young and without any experience. It is often affected by factors which are out of our control, and shaped by different experiences we go through in our life. Way back through my secondary years, I used to imagine myself as a pilot or becoming an air-hostess, following my fathers footsteps. I always loved planes and I remember telling my friends that once I finish school, I was going to work on a plane and start flying often. It all changed when I had to chose the subjects I wanted to broaden my studies on. We had a good variety of choices, amongst which sciences, maths, languages, and an option including physical education and home economics. This option was new to the school and it was introduced to the students of our year, so we were the first to experiment in this. I was quite undecided on what to choose as sciences and maths were not my favourite, and I was left with languages and the other option of physical education. Obviously I seeked my parents advice, and they were not quite keen on me choosing physical education, so they encouraged me to take the option regarding languages. Despite this, I opted in choosing physical education. At the beginning of the scholastic year, when I was in Form 2, the school employed a new physical education teacher, who was very young, fresh and enthusiastic on teaching new students. My life at school was very sedentary and I rarely used to attend to physical education lessons, because the teacher we had was very traditional. She used to give us a ball and let us experiment on our own each and every lesson. Otherwise, she also used to prepare lessons with about four (4) or five (5) different exercises and we had to spend the whole lesson practising the given skills. This new teacher was different, I remember the very first lesson where I told her I was not going to take part because I did not want to, and she insisted on me helping her out throughout the lesson. The lesson was an introduction to football, something which I previously had never done. She literally caught my attention, as without even realising, I was taking part in the lesson with the whole class. It was so interesting and challenging, using games in order to make us think and experience the skill, rather than just giving it out. This teacher believed a lot in learning through experience, in order to help the students think and arrive to a conclusion. From that day onwards, my view on the physical education lessons totally changed, and there was not one lesson I did not fully participate in. As Dewey (1897) claims I believe that education, therefore, is a process of living and not a preparation for future living. Agreeing to what Dewey states, learning and education are social and interactive processes, where the school is the institution which helps the child interact with the curriculum and learn through real, guided experiences. He compares two (2) extremes, that are the traditional method against the progressive method of teaching. The first one (traditional) is more of an authoritarian and strict approach, where the teacher focuses on delivering the curriculum, with not enough understanding of the students experiences. The second method (progressive) is free, student-directed and uses the students experiences to enable them to learn. Going back to my primary years, I remember how I used to hate physical education because the teacher was very traditional and used to gives us a ball and kind of dictate the skills that had to be practised, in order to stick to the syllabus content. This used to get annoying, with very minimal learning, and for this reason I always used to opt out in taking part and stay wandering around. This was only until the school employed the new teacher, and with her the lessons were so different. They were fun, progressive, and educational at the same time, introducing a variety of sports to us and teaching us numerous skills and games which we had never done in years. Recalling these years made me understand how I wanted to become that teacher who makes the students love the subject and guide them to learn through their own experience, being able to understand the skills. I did not want to become the traditional teacher, as Dewey claims, who gives a ball to the students and its like sending a clear message I do not care in doing the lesson. The teacher is not in the school to impose certain ideas or to form certain habits in the child, but is there as a member of the community to select the influences which shall affect the child and to assist him in properly responding to these influences. (Dewey, 1987). In physical education, students tend to ask for playing games rather than having a lesson focused on drills and skill practise. A very good method I have been introduced to at University is the Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU), and our lecturers emphasize its use in schools. Throughout my teaching practice I realised it is very effective and endorses students in a thinking process, because rather than focusing on how to do it (main importance is given to the techniques practised), it addresses the why and the what if (students have to think of skils and strategies for better play). As Griffin and colleagues (1997) suggest, it helps in encouraging the students to respond with a range of creative actions, being able to critically think and make their own decisions. Students are thus able to develop a deeper meaning and understanding of what they are being taught, and be able to decide and use information in a variety of situations. Concording to Dewey: the true centre of correlation of the school subjects is not science, nor literature, nor history, nor geography, but the childs own social activities. (Dewey, 1987). Applying this method in my teaching practice, turned out very well and also made me realise that teaching is a drawing forth rather than a telling. Teaching does not have to be a dictatorship, or else giving only importance to what lies within the curriculum. If students prefer learning through games, than use games to deliver the content, but in a way that encourages students to learn and not push them away in disliking the subject. For example, taking physical education again and focusing the lesson on basketball; if the aim of the lesson is introduce passing, I would start the lesson by a ball possession game, where the students have to make five (5) consecutive passes to be able to score a point. In this manner, students are playing a game, practising passing between each other, and also being able to think and understand that in order to score a point they need to move about and create open spaces. Obviously, in contrast to the I want you to stay in pairs and pass the ball to each other traditional method, this progressive approach allows the students to think and experience the skills. As a future educator, I also believe that students need to be guided in order to be able to discover new knowledge. Socrates established a very important notion of philosophy, that is arriving at truth through a series of questions. He used to question man in the street himself to arrive at political and ethical truths. He also questioned his students, as a means of instruction to engage them in thinking a problem and arriving at a critical conclusion. Nowadays, this so called Socratic Method, is very much used by teachers to stimulate learning in students. It focuses on the students knowledge to address a given problem, and learning is through a process of critical thinking and discovery, and not by having the teacher telling the student the proper answer. It is through the use of questioning methods, that students are encouraged to think and analyse a given situation. In teaching this is what is known to be as the guided-discovery method, where the process is triggered off by a series of stimuli. These can range from small statements to questions that elicit discovery. The questions might then proceed in small steps, until the student discovers the wanted target or concept through own knowledge and experience. An example drawn from a particular lesson I had during my teaching practice last year, where a student was finding it difficult to hit the ball, as the lesson was about softball (very similar to the baseball game). Instead of just teling her she had to swing the bat earlier, I started to ask her a series of questions to make her think about what she was doing wrong. The first question First I asked her why wasnt she able to hit the ball, and her answer was that she was swinging earlier than the ball. To this I then invited her to think why she was swinging early, and she came to a conclusion that it was happening because she was not timing the ball correctly. Thus, automatically she realised that she needed to wait a bit more before swinging the bat. After a couple of times practising the swing, she managed to hit the ball. I could have easily told her to wait for the ball before swinging, but in this manner the student managed to arrive to the conclusion through her own experience a nd by critically thinking and analysing the problem. Conclusion In a learning community, learners construct their own knowledge, and then share it with the whole society through: collaboration as an act of shared creation/and or shared discovery. (Schrage, 1990). This is important, as in a world where technology is prevailing: it is not possible for the individual to understand the complexities of this modern age without drawing on and accepting the contribution of others. (Schrage, 1990). A teacher is definately essential in helping the learner construct his or her own knowledge. Undoubtedly, a teacher also has great responsibility in preparing the students well for their careers and lives, and it is important to note that without the teacher, jobs such as those of a doctor, lawyer, auditor and so on, could not be taken as one needs to be taught before taking up a career. Many people have been helpful and important in helping me become what I am today, but a person which has been an important role-model and inspired me to take this road, is my secondary physical education teacher. She is what I define a successful and efficient teacher, and one day I would like to be defined in that manner by my students. An analysis of the Selfie: A new unconscious illness An analysis of the Selfie: A new unconscious illness Title: Selfie: A new unconscious illness 1.0 Introduction People have been taking selfie as a trend that is ongoing. The word ‘selfie’ is officially named by the Oxford Dictionaries World of the Year in 2013. ‘Selfie’ is define as a photograph that one has taken of oneself, typically one taken with a smartphone or webcam and uploaded to a social media website (Oxford University Press, 2014).Moreover, selfie is often associated with social networks like Facebook, Instagram or Twitter. People take selfie wherever they are and whatever they are doing. These days, people snap pictures of themselves wherever they are. For example, selfies taken at funerals, presidential selfies, and even a selfie from space (The Daily Hit, 2013). The popularity of selfies has dramatically increased and had become a social media phenomenon. So, should this be seen as an issues? According to Doctor Pamela Rutledge (2013), selfies can be damaging to a person’s mental health and that indulging in them is indicative of narcissism, low self-esteem, attention seeking behaviour and self-indulgence. Even Thailand’s Department of Mental Health come to a conclusion that the ‘selfie culture’ bring a potential negative impact and claiming that young people are suffering from emotional problem when their selfies is not underappreciated by others. The public does not concern about this issue [L1]because they are not conscious of the illness that selfie can bring. 2.0 Sickness of selfie 2.1 Narcissism The meaning of narcissism is excessive self-love (Acocella Joan, 2005). Due to the improvement of the technology, taking selfie now is much more convenient. Camera are now being placed on our phones with high mega pixel, we get to edit the picture that we just snap with a touch and we can share it to everyone with a click. The more shots that are taken, the danger you are. You might feel each of the photos of you are so pretty due to the effect that make your skin smooth, fair and make you look younger. This thought may be the platform of the sickness – Narcissism. Narcissism can be also defined as a personality disorder that cause by behaviour like exploiting others, envy, lack of empathy and an insatiable hunger for attention (Acocella Joan, 2005). It is a pretty judgmental label to string up on someone who might be happy with him or herself. According to Doctor Pamela Rutledge (2013), the growing selfie trend is today being connected to a lot of psychological disorders that can be damaging to the overall psyche of the users. Psychologists and psychiatrists are reporting rising numbers of patients who are suffering from narcissism, body dysmorphic and dramatically low self-esteem, all thanks to selfie-nation. According to Doctor David Verle (2014) â€Å"Two out of three of all the patients who arrive to examine him with Body Dysmorphic Disorder since the cost increase of camera phones have a compulsion to repeatedly read and post selfies on the social media sites.† This indicates that too much selfie can actually lead to Narcissism. 2.2 Addiction Addiction is a primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory and related circuitry (ASAM, 2011). Selfie can be an addiction to everyone, not only youngsters, elderly may also addicted to the selfie phenomenon. It seems that some people cant stop turning the camera their way for that perfect shot, and now psychologists say taking selfie can turn an addiction for people already affected by certain psychological disorders. Research found that UK’s first selfie addict is the teen and has had therapy to treat his technology addiction (Fiona Keating, 2014). They believe that the addiction toward selfie is because Selfies frequently trigger perceptions of self-indulgence or attention-seeking social dependence that raises narcissism or low self-esteem, (Pamela Rutledge, 2013). Someone that who are addicted to selfie can snap more than 200 times selfie per day. The first case is of Danny Bowman who is 19, a British teen diagnosed with selfie addiction. He reportedly spen t 10 hours daily with 200 photos of himself, but the numerous shots cannot still satisfy his desires. He eventually tried to commit suicide to break free from addiction (Aldridge Gemma; Harden Kerry, 2014). Due to the addiction of selfie, he quit school to have more time for selfie, shutting himself in the house for six month, lost 13 kg just to get a better feature from the camera and become aggressive with his parents when they tried to stop him from selfie. Danny says that he constantly search for the perfect selfie and when he realise the he couldn’t he wanted to suicide. Because of the addiction of selfie, he lost his friends, disappoint his family, giving up his education, health and almost scarifies his own life. The addiction of selfie is most likely to the addiction of drugs, alcohol or gambling which require a lot of efforts to be recover. 3.0 Dealing with selfie 3.1 How parents can help to reduce this issues Most of us do practice selfie, but how to deal with it, how to prevent from getting any illness but still enjoying selfie. First, parent’s education is most important. Knowing what is your children going through and having a better example of selfie phenomena. Some of the children go through rebellious period, they tend to do the opposite thing when their parents say not to (Rutledge Pamela, 2013). So due to this, parent should know their kids well and have a good communication between them to solve this issue. Next, parents should keep the habits of taking selfie when their children is not around because the behaviour of a parent’s influence their children because children tends to modify what their parents doing. Furthermore, parents should also educate their children on what negative effect can selfie bring. Parents play an important role in a child’s life and what they have made changes what they think. 3.2 Time limitations on phone Other than having the parents educate, time limitation on the phone also helps in dealing with selfie. The lesser the time you spend on your mobile phone, the lesser your addiction towards selfie. Most of us search for photo perfection for example Danny Bowman. After selfie, we spend most of the time on choosing the perfect picture and spend time on editing. Due to the advance technology, there are now thousands of applications for you to edit your picture. From the case of Danny Bowman, there is a cure toward the addiction of selfie which is to limit his time on his mobile phones. Danny claimed that the doctor confiscate his phone from him for ten minutes, then half an hour, then an hour (Aldridge Gemma; Harden Kerry, 2014). It was tough for him at first, but the idea of living keeps him motivated. According to Doctor Veal, the usual treatment for selfie is where a patient gradually learns to work for a longer period of time without satisfying the urge to submit pictures. There is not much worried because there is a cure for addiction and narcissism. 4.0 Conclusion Selfie addiction is so new there are, as yet, no statistics on it (Aldridge Gemma; Harden Kerry, 2014) so it causes people to be unconscious about it. How can the society help to improve the selfie phenomena is to spread the word and inform about what illness can bring when they having too much of selfie. Other than that, self-conscious is also important as we. Always control yourself on the number of selfie and the time spent on selfie, make sure you are not addicted to it. If you were addicted, find someone to talk to, get some opinion or seek for a further medical check-up if you can’t manage to get out from the illness that you are having. Lastly, we can make the selfie phenomena a better world by reminding each other not to take too much shots to avoid all the illness and educate them on how to deal with selfie. Reference List Acocella Joan. (2014) Selfie.New Yorker, 0028792X, 5/12/2014, Vol. 90, Issue 12. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/[emailprotected]vid=1hid=4202bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ==#db=a9hAN=96140839 Addiction. (2011). American Society of Addiction Medicine. Retrieved form http://www.asam.org/for-the-public/definition-of-addiction Aldridge, G., Harden, K. (2014). Selfie addict took Two Hundred a day – and tried to kill himself when he couldn’t take perfect photo. Retrieved from http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/real-life-stories/selfie-addict-took-two-hundred-3273819 Martino Joe. (2014). Scientists Link Selfies to Narcissism, Addiction Mental Illness. Retrieved from http://www.collective-evolution.com/2014/04/07/scientists-link-selfies-to-narcissism-addiction-mental-illness/ Rutledge Pamela. (2013). Making Sense of Selfies. Retrieved from http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/positively-media/201307/making-sense-selfies Rutledge Pamela. (2013). The psychology of the selfie. Airtalk. Retrieved from http://www.scpr.org/programs/airtalk/2014/02/11/35997/the-psychology-of-the-selfie/ Selfie. (2012). In Oxford dictionaries. Retrieved from http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/press-releases/oxford-dictionaries-word-of-the-year-2013/ The Daily Hit. (2013). The Selfie Addiction  ¼Ã… ¡ Top 16 worst types of selfies. Retrieved from http://www.dailyhiit.com/hiit-blog/hiit-life/selfie-addiction-top-16-worst-types-selfies/ The Huffington Post. (2014), ‘Selfie Addiction’ is No Laughing Matter, Psychiatrists Say (VIDEO). Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/25/selfie-addiction-mental-illness_n_5022090.html [L1]Informal tone. Please rephrase. Concepts of Evils: Reflective Essay Concepts of Evils: Reflective Essay CONCEPT OF EVILS : I doubt that anyone thinks that we live in a perfect world. Although famine, war, earthquakes, disease and crime are common occurrences, I am sure that most people would be happy to live without them. In fact, I would expect that most people would say that these things are an indication that all is not well with the world. Types of Evils : There are basically two types of evil viz. Moral evil:  Suffering caused by humans. Natural Evil:  Suffering due to non-human agents. Those who argue that God does not exist, will often suggest that the presence of evil and suffering in the world is evidence that there is no God. Their argument can be set out in the following way; If God exists then surely God would want to, and could, deal with the problem of evil and suffering. Evil and suffering continues to occur in the world. Therefore, God cannot exist. So there is no perfect confirmation on the presence of God or absence of evil and vice versa. That means if God exist then evil too exist. The tact is to reformulate the argument from evil so that this criticism does not apply; for example, by replacing the term evil with suffering, or what is more cumbersome, state of affairs that orthodox theists would agree are properly called evil. MORAL EVIL : Moral evil is violence, slavery, dishonesty and so on which is basically out of our moral values and ethics. For example; If a girl gets raped then it is not her fault, it is one who does that. But society in which we live always blames the girl starts spoiling her name and starts gossiping about her activities that she does or did in his life like about her clothing’s, friends and the list doesn’t stops. Already the girl in the immense pain they she might be going through on the other hand such gossips hurts her more. On the other hand the media, newspapers tell something other story with all the emotions, drama, extra knowledge all that stuff just to increase their trp rate and for the fame. People in the society should ashamed that if they always tell girls to live but why can’t they teach their boys how to behave with girls In this example we can say that everyone has freedom to do what they want to. We always say that we live in a free country but the fact is that we are miles away from the freedom. It is not acceptable i.e. violence against women nor any type of harassment. That’s what our moral value says not to do harm anyone and also one should have some kind of humanity within them but do people nowadays really have it. If they have so then they might not gossip or do such kind of things with girls. The problem with our judiciary system is that there procedure of making judgement is so slow that victims can make hundreds of crime within that period. So fast trails should be made so that the victims can know their faults and anyone should not dare to repeat the mistake again. NATURAL EVILS : Natural evils are those which are done by non- human agents like people believe in superstitions, spirits, etc. For example; I heard this one from one of my friend who actually experienced it, one of their relative who was close with their family died some 2 years back who met with an accident and after few months everyday some or the other things happens in their house like sometimes there is health problems, sometimes my friend would go crazy like laughing like ghost and starts speaking to himself about that uncle’s family all that stuff. Then they went to many doctors for treatment but all that was of no use then some people told them that u go to religious places and do pooja and perform some kind of rituals it will be fine because all these is happening because of wicked spirits that is in my friend so their family did all rituals and then things became as normal it was. But now I can’t understand that one side it is said that wicked things are all fake and it is superstition but in the other side its true that my friend got cured because of all that rituals. But I personall y believe that there is no such kind of wicked spirits present in this world. All this rituals are performed so that one can earn money, fame and so on. The best part is that how they fool people in and around them by telling all the stupid things and people to fall pray. We all have noticed all these poster in the train which tell the same thing but the phone number in it is different. In this people are given wrong information about it due to which a fear is built inside them about their own problem. All this builds up stress in their mind and causes mental illness. I don’t believe that how people started using the name of the God for earning. But its true that if people believe in God then they must believe in spirits too. One more example of natural evil is blackmagic. The article down is taken from http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-08/india/41873071_1_kerala-village-kalari-black-magic KOCHI: For Peringottukara is best known for the practice of black magic, especially one involving chathan or kuttichathan. This figure is a dark avatar of Vishnu who rides a buffalo, and whose mastery in removing, or placing, hurdles in mortal life is never questioned by believers. The chathan could blight your love life, business dealings or general prosperity but could also set things right if placated.The families of Avanangattil Kalari and Kanadi are the resident experts in this trade. They are at pains to explain that, rumours of black arts notwithstanding, they are harmless folk.The treatment is often elaborate tantric pujas that involve ornate symbolism, much mumbo-jumbo, trances, communion with saturnine powers and the like. If you are here, it is hard to remain untouched by the rituals. There are more worldly matters to be dealt with as well. Even as this correspondent was chatting up a priest at Avanangattil Kalari, an NRI nonchalantly placed a fat bundle of notes as advanc e for the chathans intervention in his business empire. A couple of minutes later, a poor, halfblind lottery ticket vendor too lands up to lament business losses. All he has to placate the mischievous chathan is a one rupee coin. The priest seems to show no particular interest in the money being offered. Those in the know, however, will tell you how easily and seamlessly these priests shuttle between the spiritual and temporal worlds. Many of them have got incredibly rich and run petrol pumps and cinema theatres. They have also put in place a fairly well-oiled structure to run the faith industry, including staff to woo devotees from far and wide.According to advertising industry circles, the Kanadi groups spend lakhs on publicity every year. Some of the Malayalam newspapers which were reluctant to carry advertisements of such dispensers of divine blessings have now changed tack. Nowadays people are feared about their life and they are not interested in their moral values and ethics. I too believe that sometimes something depends upon circumstances but there are something that is not acceptable under any circumstances like harassment, inequality, racism, etc. It is common in all the trucks there is some kind of picture is drawn and it is said that it will save it from all kinds of accidents and damage that may occur. All this things are only to up come our fear that have been put into our mind or taken by us through some instance that they have been known. Today’s youth is tomorrow’s adult generation. Now we may take any big step to eradicate social evil but we can prepare our minds that when we will be adults we will not support social evil. At this moment we can orally fight with the social criminals, put up posters in the neighbouring to decrease social evil such as rape, child labour, black magic, etc. Thats all we can do now later we all be not this generation as it is now. So one should prepare their mind that in our generation there would be no evil nor any issue.!!!!! So lastly I conclude that moral evils can be eradicated from our society but natural evils (spiritual or wicked) can’t be easily removed from our society. I too didn’t understood that do really natural evils exit in the world because I don’t believe in God!!! Nursing Leaders in Afghanistan: Competency and Challenges Nursing Leaders in Afghanistan: Competency and Challenges Wais Mohammad Qarani Significance The objective of this topic is in line with the Afghanistan Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) priority program on human resource development as indicated that MoPH supports â€Å"research at all levels†¦and capacity building of nursing and midwifery department† (MoPH-National Priority Program, 2012, p. 95). Moreover, understanding of the competency of nursing leaders in Afghanistan would provide evidence to maintain equity in the provision of learning opportunities, serve as an advocate for allocation of resources through the MoPH for the capacity development, and facilitate donor attraction for the development of nursing profession to create carrier development opportunities. Subsequently, this would be a foundation to increase awareness, build on knowledge, facilitate advocacy, improve professional image, improve quality, and enhance patient outcome. Therefore, it is important to explore that what is the competency level of nursing leaders who are working in the public h ospitals in Kabul, Afghanistan and what challenges they face that hinder their practice and subsequently affect patient care. Search Strategy This literature review consists of the data from the CINAHL, PubMed databases and Google Scholar. The data about nursing in Afghanistan were limited to the opinion articles and were searched as an entire through the term â€Å"Nursing AND Afghanistan† without filtering and only six relevant articles were found. Other search terms were conducted in combination of the keywords including; leadership, nursing, capacity, competency, development, building, challenges, and assessment. Afghanistan national strategic plans and reports were also taken into consideration through the search from Google Scholar and web pages. The searches were filtered to recent data according to the number of available articles accordingly. Majority of the search terms were searched without any filter as the total number of articles were limited. (Refer annexure A for more detail). Introduction Attention to the nursing in Afghanistan peaked in the mid to late 1970s through the establishment of nursing schools for both male and female (Furnia, 1978, p. 94). Likewise other systems of the country, nursing education and practice started to deteriorate after the initiation of war which continued for decades. From the invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union and the fall of Taliban, the Afghan education and health systems have drastically damaged. Since the late 2001 the flow of international agencies and contributions to participate in the reconstruction of health sector have increased which have positively contributed in the health of Afghan population (Ministry of Public Health-National Strategy on Healthcare financing and Sustainability, 2009-2013, Forward section, para. 1). International agencies have made to contribute in majority of the health branches and brought remarkable improvements in the health system both at the knowledge and skills level. The nursing education has improved during the past decade. There are some improvements in the curriculum, learning resource package, teaching methodologies, capacity of the instructors, and supervision skills since 2002 and a lot more is needed (Herberg, 2005, p.132). The first four year Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BScN) program was established and launched just in 2007 at the Kabul Medical University (KMU) under the Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE). Despite improvements in nursing education, nursing services/practice and leadership at the point of practice have not been addressed through any mechanism to improve patient outcome, which needs to be explored and design programs for improvements. The purpose of this literature review is to explore available data and researches conducted on the competency of nursing leaders in Afghanistan. The review also covers literature from the neighboring and other developed countries. The review includes both theoretical and empirical literature focusing on the concepts of competency and leadership. Critical Review and Analysis Robbins et al. (2001) defined competent person as â€Å"one who has the knowledge, skills, and abilities to perform a job adequately† (p. 192). Robbins et al. have also concluded that competency is divided into four main domains which include â€Å"technical skills, industry knowledge, analytic and conceptual reasoning, and interpersonal and emotional intelligence† (p. 193). Furthermore, 25 participants of a conference attendees in Texas who were leaders reported competency as â€Å"the ability to think in action, have confidence and clarity in decision making, and retrieve information throughout the career trajectory† (Allen et al., 2008, p. 81). In addition, political skill to understand and manage every stakeholder’s conflicting behaviors and external awareness of laws, policies, and decisions are the two important characteristics of effective leadership and management (Blaney, 2012, p. 44) which all together outline competency based leadership and mana gement. Indeed, these domains and components of competency and leadership are distinct from individual to individual, hence have diverse outcomes. Kang et al. (2012) have compared managerial competencies among nursing administrators (n=330) from 16 hospitals in Taiwan through a cross-sectional survey and found that more than 50% of the Head Nurses (HNs) and more than 35% of the high level management had never received any administrative training (p.942). The findings also revealed that HNs and Nurse Executives (NEs) both rated themselves highest in integrity and lowest in financial management followed by clinical skills and knowledge, and interpersonal relationship skills for HNs, whereas; collaboration and team skills and human resource and labor relations were rated by NEs (pp. 942-943). Although organizational outcome is relied on effective leadership and management, it has been given less importance to fulfill capacity development needs of the nursing leaders. Furthermore, considering diverse technological and resources accessibility, competency also differs from person to person in different contexts. Therefore, it is reas onable to explore nursing leaders’ competencies on the context of Afghanistan to enable us in planning programs for the capacity development of nursing leaders accordingly. The development of nursing in China is associated with one of the key factor which is medical orientation of the health system (Wong, 2010, p. 526), while the most troubleshooting challenge of the American nurses is distinct to â€Å"absence of adequate pipeline for nursing leaders† (Thompson, 2008, p. 914). A descriptive qualitative study on the perception of the Community Health Nursing (CHN) Assistant Manager role in Pakistan indicated confusion of the role which needed role clarity (Gulzar, Mistry, Upvall, 2011, p. 389). The same study reported existence of tension between CHN assistant manager and Lady Health Visitors (LHVs) and expected to be the result of the lack of understanding of their roles and expectations (p. 390). This conflict is further exaggerated where the role of one discipline (nursing) is taken by the other discipline (medical) and vice versa particularly in Afghanistan. A quantitative exploratory study by Essani and Ali (2011) conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi Pakistan about knowledge and practice gaps among pediatric nurses revealed that incompetency of the participants had a great impact on the level of care provided to the patients. The gaps were categorized in five areas where knowledge and skills were ranked second and third highest respectively (p.1). The competency of low level staff is dependent on the managerial skills and leadership competencies of high level staff of a particular entity which in turn has its impact on patient outcome. Therefore, capacity development of nursing leaders must be a priority which plays a vital role in organizational outcome. Scarcity of research in Afghanistan hinders any step forward; and due to decades of conflicts, Afghanistan faces greater challenges in terms of leadership than any other country. The issues and practices of nursing in Afghanistan have not been published to guide nursing practice in the country or plan for improvements. Majority of the published articles are on the missions and personal experiences of the international armed forces nursing personnel who worked in Afghanistan. Cameron (2008) described Afghans as â€Å"extremely intelligent and bright† but, decades of war have destroyed the health system of the country and the emotional wellbeing of the population (p. 30). Cameron claimed that despite the role of supervision in maintaining standard of care, majority of the managers do not turn to the wards and do not know about the patient’s condition (p. 30). This claim is needed to be explored through the nursing research to discover leadership incompetence as a contribu ting factor. It appears that nursing leaders could best identify and describe their need for capacity development to design programs which would enable them to avail international knowledge and technology. The Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) has valued to develop evidence based public health programs (MoPH, Strategic Plan, 2011-2015, p. 20). Besides, the MoPH strategic plan has determined the human resources management and development (pp. 24-25) which is in line with the Afghanistan National Development Strategy (ANDS, 2008-2013, p. 62). Although evidence based programs and human resource development are the focus of MoPH, nursing profession has disadvantaged in this regard. This fact is supported by Forsyth (2013) that â€Å"Health Services professionals shifted their focus from caring for sick and injured coalition personnel to mentoring and capacity building with the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF)† (p. 32). Although international nurses are posted within ANSF for mentorship and training, this opportunity is much limited within the public hospitals. The MoPH strategic direction on increasing equitable access to quality health services (strategic objective -5) to impr ove patient safety (MoPH, Strategic Plan, 2011-2015, p. 30) is purely dependent on effective nursing care through effective leadership and management. Strategic direction on governance in the health sector (MoPH, Strategic Plan, 2011-2015, pp. 31-32) is an important consideration for fulfilling the objectives. Therefore, identification of the nursing governance competency limitations and evidences which hinder effective nursing leadership require an in-depth research. Conclusion Competency of the nursing leader plays a vital role in the organizational outcome. Global Nursing Leadership Institute (GNLI) under the International Confederation of Nurses (ICN), designs annual leadership development programs for nurses at the executive level. The objectives of the institute focused to develop capacity of the nursing leadership and build international network at the global level (Blaney, 2012, p. 47). On the other hand, Afghan nurses have disadvantaged from such opportunities. Efficiency of a health industry is associated with the better workplace and workforce management and also connected with clinical supervision and effective leadership and management which is compromised component in diverse settings. Therefore, it is vital to develop the capacity of the nursing leaders on the bases of evidence to enhance productivity. Administrators play a central role in the provision of high quality health services to the patients. They are the one who train his/her designe e what to do, when to do and how to do and above all why to do which is more significant for patient outcome. Thus, the finding of this literature review indicates a need to explore the capacity of nursing leaders to plan developmental programs accordingly. The purpose of the research would be to explore competency level of the nursing leaders in public hospitals in Kabul, Afghanistan and also identify challenges they face in the workplace. References Allen, P., Lauchner, K., Bridges, R., Francis-Johnson, P., McBride, S., Olivarez, A. (2008). Evaluating continuing competency: a challenge for nursing.Journal Of Continuing Education In Nursing,39(2), 81-85. doi:10.3928/00220124-20080201-02 ANDS – Afghanistan National Development Strategy (2008-2013). Retrieved from http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/IMG/pdf/Afghanistan_National_Development_Strateg y_eng.pdf Blaney, P. P. (2012). Senior nursing leadership capacity building at the global level. 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Retrieved from http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=ad517ba7-0311-433a-bd10- 40f4819cf245%40sessionmgr198vid=1hid=126 Thompson, P. (2008). Key challenges facing American nurse leaders.Journal of Nursing Management,16(8), 912-914. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2008.00951.x Wong, F. (2010). Challenges for nurse managers in China.Journal of Nursing Management,18(5), 526-530. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2010.01115.x Annexure – A: (detail of search strategies) Annexure B: (List of Acronyms used in the paper)